cerita.


saya mahasiswa sebuah universitas swasta di tanah air ini,hari ini perkuliahan seperti biasa mulai jam setengah delapan teng,,,owh tidak hari ini ternyata ada jadwal praktikum yang baru,pada jam 18.30 s/d 20.30 arrrrghh tidaaaak,tapi saya mencoba bersabar karena memang suda kewajiban saya ..ketika waktu normal perkuliahan sekitar jam 16.00 tlah usai sekarang waktunya menunggu hingga selesai waktu magrib karena perkuliahan dimulai setelah itu.Raut wajah anan-anak yang sudah terlihat lesu mulai nampak semangat karena tutor kali ini seorang wanita...ahahaha
sehabis waktu praktek telah selesai rasanya tidak mungkin untuk pulang kerumah karena esok harinya ada praktek lagi jam 7.15 ,,oohhh tidak.
saya dan ketiga teman saya memutuskan menginap di kost2an teman saya,hari mulai larut ketika kami berada di rumah kost,kebetulan teman saya ingin kewarung membeli sesuatu,betapa kagetnya karena di pintu gerbang muncul sesosok ibu kost dengan wajah herannya,,sebut saja AD untuk teman saya dan IB untuk ibu kost :
AD : malam bu.
IB :malam,mau kemana nak???(dengan tegas)
AD : mau ke warung bu,tp ga jadi deh,
IB : pulang aja nak,sudah malam
AD : iya nanti,mau kesini dulu sebentar.
IB : hey,pintu keluar sebelah sini!!!!

dengan penuh cemas teman saya itu bergegas menuju kamar kost,,
AD :gw di omelin ibu kost
SC :ah masa,bohong lo ah
AD :beneran sueerrr,,
ga lama kemudian ibu kost menghampiri kamar nomor 30,serasa jantung berpindah ke bagian perut,,
IB :mas,mas yang bukan penghuni keluar..
SC :tttapi bu bsk kami ada praktek pagi,,
IB :tidak ada alasan ,sudah peraturan bagi orang yang tidak meminta izin menginap.
SC :kami trahu kami salah bu,tapi malam ini aja bu.
IB :gak,keluaaaaaar.

akhirnya sehabis kejadian itu kami menginap dirumah teman saya yang lokasinya terdekat dengan kampus.

end.

A. Pernapasan
Pernapasan terdiri dari dua yaitu pernapasan dada dan pernapasan perut.
Pertama, Pernapasan dada sangat mudah karena sering kita lakukan sehari-hari. Pernapasan dada adalah bernapas seperti halnya normal kita bernafas.

Kedua, Pernapasan perut dalam bernyanyi diperlukan agar bisa lebih tahan lama dan lebih maksimal mengeluarkan suara, power kita akan keluar. Pernapasan perut memungkinkan kita untuk bernyanyi dengan menggunakan ‘teknik’ bernyanyi. Latihan untuk membiasakan pernapasan perut ketika kita bernyanyi terdiri dari 4 langkah sebagai berikut :
1. Ambil udara dari mulut sekuat-kuatnya, masukkan ke dalam perut kita.
2. Setelah bisa merasakan bahwa udara telah memenuhi perut kita (seperti ada balon dalam perut kita yang terus kita pompa)
3. Lalu keluarkan udara dengan suara yang mendesis atau mirip suara angin yang keluar dari ban mobil bocor. Suara tersebut harus datar tidak boleh bergelombang. Rahang kita dalam keadaan santai, lidah dan gigi kita digunakan seakan-akan menghalangi aliran udara. Sehingga kita harus berusaha keras untuk mengeluarkan udara dari perut. Proses pengeluaran suara dari mulut tersebut biasanya bervariasi yaitu antara 20-60 detik.
4. Setelah selesai mengosongkan perut, teruskan latihan tersebut selama lima kali. Proses latihan pernapasan ini akan berpengaruh pada otot abdominal kita yang biasa digunakan untuk bernyanyi.
Latihan di atas disebut dengan Hissing Cycle. Jika tiap hari kita berlatih teknik ini dengan durasi waktu cukup 5 menit saja maka 2 minggu kemudian akan sangat terasa sekali pengaruhnya terhadap kualitas vokal kita. Insya Allah.

B. Mengeluarkan suara ketika bernyanyi
Ada 4 cara untuk mengeluarkan suara
1. Pertama yaitu dari dada, digunakan untuk suara yang rendah dan halus. Nada-nada rendah menerapkan pengeluaran suara dari dada. Caranya yaitu dengan merasakan bergetarnya dada ketika kita mengeluarkan suara. Posisi Bas pada tim nasyid (acapella) banyak menggunakan teknik ini.

2. Kedua, di tenggorokan, biasanya kita bernyanyi di wilayah ini dan akan sangat capai sekali bila kita terus bernyanyi di wilayah ini. Seorang penyanyi yang amatir akan terus bernyanyi di wilayah ini sehingga akan kedodoran dan get hoarse/parau. Kita berbicara menggunakan teknik ini.

3. Ketiga, di mulut hampir sama dengan di tenggorokan.

4. Terakhir adalah di luar mulut (seakan-akan berada di atas kepala, biasa disebut dengan resonansi) digunakan untuk suara yang tinggi dan memungkinkan keluar suara secara maksimal dengan dibantu pernapasan dari perut. Ketika kita berteriak tanpa terasa kita menggunakan teknik ini.

Teknik mengeluarkan suara yang telah dijelaskan di atas digunakan semuanya ketika kita bernyanyi. Untuk nada yang rendah, kita gunakan suara dada. Untuk nada yang normal kita gunakan suara tenggorokan, yang lebih tinggi dari suara normal kita, gunakan suara mulut. Dan nada yang paling tinggi, kita pergunakan suara resonansi kita. Perlu berlatih lama untuk bisa membedakan dan membiasakan cara pengeluaran suara tersebut.

Mona Lisa (also known as La Gioconda or La Joconde), often called the Mona Lisa, is a 16th century portrait painted in oil on a poplar panel in Florence by Leonardo da Vinci during the Italian Renaissance. The work is owned by the Government of France and is on the wall in the Louvre in Paris, France with the title Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo.[1] It is perhaps the most famous and iconic painting in the world.
The painting is a half-length portrait and depicts a woman whose facial expression is often described as enigmatic. The ambiguity of the sitter's expression, the monumentality of the half-figure composition, and the subtle modeling of forms and atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the painting's continuing fascination. It is probably the most famous painting that has ever been stolen from the Louvre and recovered. Few other works of art have been subject to as much scrutiny, study, mythologizing, and parody. A charcoal and graphite study of the Mona Lisa attributed to Leonardo is in the Hyde Collection, in Glens Falls, NY.

1. Is TOEFL it?

TOEFL (Test of Indonesia as a Foreign Language) is an English language test designed to measure their mastery of English whose native language is not English. This test was developed and administered by ETS (Educational Testing Service) a nonprofit organization based in the United States and was first held in 1964. TOEFL score is usually one of the entry requirements in 2400 a number of universities in the United States, Canada and 80 other countries in the world (ETS: 1999).

2. Whatever abilities tested in the TOEFL test?

There are three parts of the TOEFL test should be done by the test participants. The first part is the questions that measured the ability of Listening Comprehension in the number of 50 questions, Structure & Written Expression 40 questions, and Reading Comprehension 50 questions. The entire matter was made in the form of multiple choice (except for the Computer Based TOEFL no matter essay writing skills of participants tested in English and other variations such as shape matching problem, to highlight tertentuyang said something to do with the main idea of a reading, etc..). The entire test took place in approximately 150 minutes for the Paper and Pencil-Based TOEFL, and approximately 240 minutes for the Computer Based TOEFL. A relatively long time for the Computer Based TOEFL and it's included tutorial procedures.

3. How many kinds of TOEFL test?

There are two types of TOEFL tests, namely 1) Paper and Pencil-Based TOEFL; and 2) Computer Based TOEFL. Type the first TOEFL test is the TOEFL test that we know so far, where both questions and answers done by using paper and pencil. While the TOEFL test of the second model is a relatively new test was first introduced in 1998. As stated in its name, this test using a computer in the delivery and because candidates will answer this test by computer.

4. In addition to the above two types of tests, if there were any other type of TOEFL test?

For the purposes of pre-selection or the internal purposes of an institution, then the ETS as a developer and provider agencies TOEFL ITP also conducts TOEFL (ITP = Institutional Testing Program). The number and level of difficulty about the TOEFL ITP did not differ with Paper and Pencil-Based TOEFL and the Computer Based TOEFL, because the questions used in the TOEFL ITP TOEFL test is a matter that has been used before. Differences that need to be known by those who plan to follow the TOEFL test is that the score obtained from the TOEFL ITP in pengunaannya limited. Universities and colleges in the United States, for example, will only accept scores obtained from the Paper and Pencil Based TOEFL or the Computer Based TOEFL. Another difference is in terms of test cost. Currently the cost of Paper and Pencil-Based TOEFL and the Computer Based TOEFL is U.S. $ 110, while the TOEFL ITP is relatively cheaper costs in the amount of U.S. $ 25. There should also note that the Paper and Pencil-Based TOEFL and the Computer Based TOEFL test is only held in certain Center test schedule has been determined in advance, while the TOEFL ITP is more flexible schedules and operate in Indonesia conducted by the IIEF (The Indonesian International Education Foundation) to coordinate with the existing language center in college.

ITP TOEFL addition, there is also a TOEFL Prediction / Equivalent Test that was used to estimate the TOEFL score before the relevant person take another TOEFL (Paper and Pencil-Based TOEFL, Computer Based TOEFL, TOEFL ITP). Prediction TOEFL test types are generally held by the institutions / centers of language or places that conduct training courses TOEFL.

5. Is there a difference in the assessment system Based Paper and Pencil TOEFL,

Computer Based TOEFL, ITP TOEFL and TOEFL Prediction Test?

True, or the score rating system used for the Paper and Pencil-Based TOEFL, TOEFL ITP, TOEFL Prediction Test and the Computer Based TOEFL is different. This is done of course with the intention to prevent any misunderstanding in the interpretation of the reported score of the test participants. Score range used by the Paper and Pencil-Based TOEFL, TOEFL ITP, and TOEFL Prediction Test is 310 (lowest score) sd 677 (highest score), whereas for the Computer Based TOEFL, the lowest score is 0 and the highest value of 300 (TOEFL Score User Guide , 2000-2001). About the difficulty level for all types of tests is of course the same can be said that those who scored 677 on the Paper and Pencil Based TOEFL score is expected to get 300 on the Computer Based TOEFL, and vice versa, if a participant test scores 213 in the TOEFL test using a computer (Computer Based TOEFL), then the corresponding score on the Paper and Pencil-based TOEFL is 550.

6. How are the scores obtained by the level of one's mastery of the English language?

In general, we recognize three levels of mastery of foreign languages, namely the Basic Level (Elementary), Intermediate Level (Intermediate), and Advanced (Advanced). for the TOEFL score, language experts generally classify these scores into the following four levels (Carson, et al., 1990):

· Basic (Elementary): 310 s.d. 420

· Lower Secondary Level (Low Intermediate): 420 sd 480

· High Level (High Intermediate): 480 sd 520

· Advanced (Advanced): 525 s.d 677

From the classification score above, may arise if the TOEFL test questions given to American students, for example, whether they'd have trouble doing TOEFL questions? Study conducted by Johnson (1977) mentions that the average scores obtained by 173 students the first year and second at the University of Tennessee, United States, is 628. That is, for speakers of English itself, TOEFL questions can be done easily, as evidenced by their acquired skoryang who are at advanced level or Advanced.

By knowing the classification level of mastery of English, as seen above, we can certainly understand that it is reasonable why universities in countries that use English as its official language, requires a certain TOEFL score to their prospective international students. To be accepted into the program S1, they generally set skoryang is approximately 475 sd 550, to enter the program while S2 and S3 requirements TOEFLnya score even higher at around 550 sd 600.

Questions are often raised in discussion forums as English teachers in Indonesia is what should be the mastery of English a student in Indonesia so that they can add to scientific knowledge through bacaanyang written in English? Mastery at the level of Primary (Elementary) would not contribute significantly to the students in Indonesia in terms of efforts to increase knowledge through the text books / written knowledge in English. Minimum mastery needed High-level (High Intermediate) so that students can absorb perkuliahanyang materials written in English with relative ease.

Several universities in Indonesia has set a certain TOEFL score for students (Huda, 1999). In connection with efforts to improve the quality of college graduates, peraturanyang universities require students to have mastery of the TOEFL to some extent is expected to have positive impact and we should support. Inggrisyang good mastery of the language are expected to improve the ability to think and work on a global level, the working conditions in the future we need to prepare from now.

7. When and where someone could take the TOEFL test?

Paper and Pencil-Based TOEFL and the Computer Based TOEFL can be taken only at certain times have been scheduled well before the test run. Place or testing center, where both of these tests have been conducted as well as determined by the ETS TOEFL test licensees. Both kinds of tests conducted in TOEFLyang specific testing center tsb. is often called the International TOEFL. This is intended to distinguish between them with ITP TOEFL and TOEFL Equivalent / Prediction.

While to take a TOEFL ITP, candidates should contact the institution which has been designated by the IIEF Jakarta as a place of execution. For the implementation of ITP TOEFL is required of participants at least 10 people. Unmul Language Center since 2001 is one of the eligible institutions conducting TOEFL ITP.

Types of TOEFL test Prediction / Equivalent is the type most flexible test execution. At Balai Bahasa Unmul, this test is the test most widely followed by those who want to measure mastery of English for various purposes. Each time participants can test this test by contacting Central Language Unmul least one day before the day of implementation.

1. Untuk mempercepat browsing :

1. Ctrl+Enter, ini untuk membuka domain yang menggunakan .com. caranya adalah ketikkan
nama domain kemudian klik ctrl+enter. contohnya, anda ingin membuka “www.yahoo.com”
jadi ketiklah “yahoo” kemudian klik ctrl+enter
2. Shift+Enter, ini untuk membuka domain yang menggunakan .net. caranya adalah ketikkan
nama domain kemudian klik ctrl+enter. contohnya, anda ingin membuka “www.telkom.net”
jadi ketiklah “telkom” kemudian klik shif+enter
3. Ctrl+Shift+Enter, ini untuk membuka domain yang menggunakan .org. caranya adalah
ketikkan nama domain kemudian klik ctrl+enter. contohnya, anda ingin membuka
“www.dikti.org” jadi ketiklah “dikti” kemudian klik Ctrl+Shift+Enter

2. Tweeking Firefox :

1. Ketik “about:config” di firefox anda kemudian enter
2. Maka akan keluar sebuah settingan untuk tweaking firefox
3. Untuk merubahnya, klik 2 kali dan masukkan data perubahannya
4. Jika data dibawah tidak terdapat dalam settingan default firefox, klik kanan pilih New. Untuk
data berupa angka, pilih Integer, untuk true/false pilih Boolean.

- Untuk pengguna DSL :

1. Set “network.http.pipelining : true”
2. Set “network.http.proxy.pipelining : true”
3. Set “network.http.pipelining.maxrequests : 64″
4. Set “nglayout.initialpaint.delay : 0″

- Untuk pengguna ADSL :

1. Set “network.http.max-connections : 64″
2. Set “network.http.max-connections-per-server : 21″
3. Set “network.http.max-persistent-connections-per-server : 8″
4. Set “network.http.pipelining : true”
5. Set “network.http.pipelining.maxrequests : 100″
6. Set “network.http.proxy.pipelining : true”
7. Set “nglayout.initialpaint.delay : 0″

- Untuk pengguna Dial Up

1. Set “browser.cache.disk_cache_ssl : true”
2. Set “browser.xul.error_pages.enabled : true”
3. Set “network.http.max-connections : 32″
4. Set “network.http.max-connections-per-server : 8″
5. Set “network.http.max-persistent-connections-per-proxy : 8″
6. Set “network.http.max-persistent-connections-per-server : 4″
7. Set “network.http.pipelining : true”
8. Set “network.http.pipelining.maxrequests : 8″
9. Set “network.http.proxy.pipelining : true”
10. Set “plugin.expose_full_path : true”
11. Set “signed.applets.codebase_principal_support : true”
12. Set “content.interrupt.parsing : true”
13. Set “content.max.tokenizing.time : 3000000″
14. Set “content.maxtextrun : 8191″
15. Set “content.notify.backoffcount : 5″
16. Set “content.notify.interval : 750000″
17. Set “content.notify.ontimer : true”
18. Set “content.switch.threshold : 750000″

1949, John Von Neuman, menggungkapkan “teori self altering automata” yang merupakan hasil riset dari para ahli matematika.

1960, lab BELL (AT&T), para ahli di lab BELL (AT&T) mencoba-coba teori yang diungkapkan oleh John V Neuman, mereka bermain-main dengan teori tersebut untuk suatu jenis permainan/game. Para ahli tersebut membuat program yang dapat memperbanyak dirinya dan dapat menghancurkan program buatan lawan. Program yang mampu bertahan dan menghancurkan semua program lain, maka akan dianggap sebagai pemenangnya. Permainan ini akhirnya menjadi permainan favorit ditiap-tiap lab komputer. Semakin lama mereka pun sadar dan mulai mewaspadai permainan ini dikarenakan program yang diciptakan makin lama makin berbahaya, sehingga mereka melakukan pengawasan dan pengamanan yang ketat.

1980, program tersebut yang akhirnya dikenal dengan “virus” ini berhasil menyebar di luar lingkungan laboratorium, dan mulai beredar di dunia cyber.

1980, mulailah dikenal virus virus yang menyebar di dunia cyber.